ASDとは

自閉スペクトラム症（ASD）は、周囲の状況をどのように認識し、処理し、反応するか、そしてコミュニケーション、交流、学習、自己表現の仕方に影響を与える神経学的および発達的な障害です。自閉症はどの年齢でも認識されますが、その特徴は一般的に生後2年以内に顕著になるため、「発達障害」とみなされます。

アメリカ精神医学会の資料である精神障害の診断と統計マニュアル（DSM-5）によれば、ASD の患者には次のような症状がみられることがあります。

コミュニケーション能力および社会的交流能力のばらつき。
反復的な行動と特定のトピックに対する強い関心。
学校、仕事、または日常生活の他の分野でのパフォーマンスに影響を及ぼす可能性のある課題。

ASDは、その特性の性質と強さが個人によって大きく異なることから、「スペクトラム」と呼ばれています。あらゆる性別、人種、民族、社会経済的背景を持つ個人を包含します。ASDは生涯にわたる疾患ですが、個々の状況に合わせた支援と介入によって、理解、コミュニケーション、日常生活スキル、そして生活の質全体を向上させることができます。

ASD の兆候と症状は何ですか?

Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a diverse range of behaviours and traits that can vary significantly among individuals. While each person with ASD may exhibit different characteristics, many may share some of the following traits:

Social Communication and Interaction Considerations:

Varied levels of eye contact, which may be limited or inconsistent.
Appearing disengaged or inattentive during conversations.
Rarely sharing interests, emotions, or enjoyment with others (e.g., pointing out or showing objects).
Delayed or no response to verbal prompts or their name.
Challenges in maintaining a back-and-forth conversation.
Talking extensively about a favourite topic without noticing others’ disinterest or allowing them to respond
Facial expressions, gestures, or body language may not always convey the intended message.
Speech patterns may be unique, such as a flat, robotic, or melodic tone.
Difficulty understanding others’ perspectives or predicting their actions.
Struggles to adapt behaviour to fit different social contexts.
Trouble engaging in imaginative play or forming friendships and other relationships.

Restrictive and Repetitive Behaviours:

Repeating words, phrases (known as echolalia), or specific actions.
Intense and prolonged focus on particular topics, such as numbers or facts.
Strong interest in specific parts of objects or in the movement of objects.
Distress over minor changes in routine and difficulties with transitions.
Unusual sensitivity to sensory input, such as light, sounds, textures, or temperatures.

Additional Common Experiences:

Sleep disturbances.
Increased irritability.

Strengths Often Associated with ASD:

Exceptional attention to detail and the ability to retain information over long periods.
Strong visual or auditory learning capabilities.
Special Talents in fields like especially in mathematics, science, music, or arts.

ASD represents a unique blend of challenges and strengths for each individual. Recognizing these traits can help create supportive environments that nurture their abilities and address their needs, promoting understanding and inclusion.

ブリティッシュコロンビアでは自閉症はどのように診断されますか?

If you have concerns that your child may be on the autism spectrum, it is recommended by the Government of British Columbia to consult with your healthcare provider (e.g. Family Doctor, Pediatrician, etc) for a referral to an autism diagnostic assessment. This assessment is essential in understanding your child's unique needs and ensuring they receive the appropriate support. Even in cases where your child is not diagnosed with autism, you might still be eligible for support through the Ministry of Children and Family Development (MCFD). If an autism diagnosis is confirmed, you will be eligible to apply for the autism funding through MCFD’s Autism Funding Unit (AFU).

What to Expect During the Diagnostic Assessment:

A qualified healthcare professional, such as a paediatrician, psychiatrist, or registered psychologist, will conduct the assessment. The evaluation process involves:

Reviewing your child’s medical and developmental history.
Observing your child’s behaviours, social interactions, and communication methods.

Options for Scheduling a Diagnostic Assessment:

Through the British Columbia Autism Assessment Network (BCAAN):

BCAAN offers free diagnostic assessments for children up to 19 years old.
Ask your doctor for a referral.
BCAAN will arrange an assessment as close to your location as possible.
After the assessment, you will receive a Clinical Outcomes Form detailing the results.

Private Assessment Options:

You can schedule an assessment with a paediatrician, psychiatrist, or registered psychologist in private practice.
Ensure that the professional adheres to British Columbia’s standards and guidelines for autism assessments.
Note that private assessments are typically paid out-of-pocket by parents but may have shorter wait times. Please note that some private extended health insurers may be able to cover or all of the costs of private assessments. Please consult your extended health provider for more details.
Bring the Non-BCAAN (Private) Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder form to your appointment to facilitate efficient processing by the ministry.

Assessments Completed Outside of B.C.

If your child has undergone an autism assessment outside of British Columbia, it is necessary to have the diagnosis confirmed by a qualified specialist in B.C. before applying for autism funding.

Schedule an appointment with a paediatrician, psychiatrist, or registered psychologist in B.C.
Bring the Confirmation of Previous Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder form to your appointment.
If the assessment does not align with B.C. standards, a new diagnostic assessment may be necessary.

The Diagnostic Process

During the diagnostic assessment:

The specialist will engage with your child through structured play and cognitive tests to observe behaviour.
You will be asked questions related to your child's behaviour and development.
The assessment may require multiple appointments, and it is essential for at least one parent or guardian to be present. You are welcome to bring a supportive friend or family member along.

While You Wait for the Diagnostic Assessment

It is common for families to experience wait times for assessments. Here are some ways to prepare during this period:

Gather specific information about your child. Consider making a list of questions to ask during the assessment visit. Create a folder that includes:
- Your child's medical records or any previous evaluations.
- Your notes regarding their behaviours, strengths, and needs.
Invite a trusted individual to accompany you to appointments. The assessment process can evoke a range of emotions. Having someone with you can help you take notes and ensure your questions are addressed.
Continue educating yourself about autism and consider the ways your child may need support.

After Receiving an Autism Diagnosis

If your child is diagnosed with autism:

The assessment may highlight areas where your child could benefit from additional support in skill development.
Build a personalized support team, which may include health professionals, therapists, educators, and care providers.
Apply for autism funding to cover the costs of therapies and services aimed at helping your child achieve their developmental milestones.

This information is sourced from the official website of the Government of British Columbia and reflects their guidelines and processes for autism diagnosis and support.