什么是ASD

自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD)是一种神经系统和发育障碍，会影响个体对周围环境的感知、处理和反应，以及沟通、互动、学习和表达的方式。虽然自闭症在任何年龄都可能被诊断出来，但它被认为是一种“发育障碍”，因为其特征通常在出生后的头两年内变得明显。

根据美国精神病协会提供的《精神障碍诊断和统计手册》（DSM-5），患有 ASD 的人可能会出现：

沟通和社交互动技巧的多变性。
重复的行为和对特定主题的强烈兴趣。
这些挑战可能会影响他们在学校、工作或日常生活的其他方面的表现。

自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 被称为“谱系障碍”，因为其特征的性质和强度因人而异，涵盖所有性别、种族、民族和社会经济背景。尽管自闭症谱系障碍是一种终身疾病，但量身定制的支持和干预措施可以促进理解、沟通、日常生活技能以及整体生活质量的提高。

自闭症的体征和症状是什么？

Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a diverse range of behaviours and traits that can vary significantly among individuals. While each person with ASD may exhibit different characteristics, many may share some of the following traits:

Social Communication and Interaction Considerations:

Varied levels of eye contact, which may be limited or inconsistent.
Appearing disengaged or inattentive during conversations.
Rarely sharing interests, emotions, or enjoyment with others (e.g., pointing out or showing objects).
Delayed or no response to verbal prompts or their name.
Challenges in maintaining a back-and-forth conversation.
Talking extensively about a favourite topic without noticing others’ disinterest or allowing them to respond
Facial expressions, gestures, or body language may not always convey the intended message.
Speech patterns may be unique, such as a flat, robotic, or melodic tone.
Difficulty understanding others’ perspectives or predicting their actions.
Struggles to adapt behaviour to fit different social contexts.
Trouble engaging in imaginative play or forming friendships and other relationships.

Restrictive and Repetitive Behaviours:

Repeating words, phrases (known as echolalia), or specific actions.
Intense and prolonged focus on particular topics, such as numbers or facts.
Strong interest in specific parts of objects or in the movement of objects.
Distress over minor changes in routine and difficulties with transitions.
Unusual sensitivity to sensory input, such as light, sounds, textures, or temperatures.

Additional Common Experiences:

Sleep disturbances.
Increased irritability.

Strengths Often Associated with ASD:

Exceptional attention to detail and the ability to retain information over long periods.
Strong visual or auditory learning capabilities.
Special Talents in fields like especially in mathematics, science, music, or arts.

ASD represents a unique blend of challenges and strengths for each individual. Recognizing these traits can help create supportive environments that nurture their abilities and address their needs, promoting understanding and inclusion.

不列颠哥伦比亚省如何诊断自闭症？

If you have concerns that your child may be on the autism spectrum, it is recommended by the Government of British Columbia to consult with your healthcare provider (e.g. Family Doctor, Pediatrician, etc) for a referral to an autism diagnostic assessment. This assessment is essential in understanding your child's unique needs and ensuring they receive the appropriate support. Even in cases where your child is not diagnosed with autism, you might still be eligible for support through the Ministry of Children and Family Development (MCFD). If an autism diagnosis is confirmed, you will be eligible to apply for the autism funding through MCFD’s Autism Funding Unit (AFU).

What to Expect During the Diagnostic Assessment:

A qualified healthcare professional, such as a paediatrician, psychiatrist, or registered psychologist, will conduct the assessment. The evaluation process involves:

Reviewing your child’s medical and developmental history.
Observing your child’s behaviours, social interactions, and communication methods.

Options for Scheduling a Diagnostic Assessment:

Through the British Columbia Autism Assessment Network (BCAAN):

BCAAN offers free diagnostic assessments for children up to 19 years old.
Ask your doctor for a referral.
BCAAN will arrange an assessment as close to your location as possible.
After the assessment, you will receive a Clinical Outcomes Form detailing the results.

Private Assessment Options:

You can schedule an assessment with a paediatrician, psychiatrist, or registered psychologist in private practice.
Ensure that the professional adheres to British Columbia’s standards and guidelines for autism assessments.
Note that private assessments are typically paid out-of-pocket by parents but may have shorter wait times. Please note that some private extended health insurers may be able to cover or all of the costs of private assessments. Please consult your extended health provider for more details.
Bring the Non-BCAAN (Private) Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder form to your appointment to facilitate efficient processing by the ministry.

Assessments Completed Outside of B.C.

If your child has undergone an autism assessment outside of British Columbia, it is necessary to have the diagnosis confirmed by a qualified specialist in B.C. before applying for autism funding.

Schedule an appointment with a paediatrician, psychiatrist, or registered psychologist in B.C.
Bring the Confirmation of Previous Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder form to your appointment.
If the assessment does not align with B.C. standards, a new diagnostic assessment may be necessary.

The Diagnostic Process

During the diagnostic assessment:

The specialist will engage with your child through structured play and cognitive tests to observe behaviour.
You will be asked questions related to your child's behaviour and development.
The assessment may require multiple appointments, and it is essential for at least one parent or guardian to be present. You are welcome to bring a supportive friend or family member along.

While You Wait for the Diagnostic Assessment

It is common for families to experience wait times for assessments. Here are some ways to prepare during this period:

Gather specific information about your child. Consider making a list of questions to ask during the assessment visit. Create a folder that includes:
- Your child's medical records or any previous evaluations.
- Your notes regarding their behaviours, strengths, and needs.
Invite a trusted individual to accompany you to appointments. The assessment process can evoke a range of emotions. Having someone with you can help you take notes and ensure your questions are addressed.
Continue educating yourself about autism and consider the ways your child may need support.

After Receiving an Autism Diagnosis

If your child is diagnosed with autism:

The assessment may highlight areas where your child could benefit from additional support in skill development.
Build a personalized support team, which may include health professionals, therapists, educators, and care providers.
Apply for autism funding to cover the costs of therapies and services aimed at helping your child achieve their developmental milestones.

This information is sourced from the official website of the Government of British Columbia and reflects their guidelines and processes for autism diagnosis and support.